The Impact of Paraspinal Muscle Degeneration on Oswestry Disability Index Subsections Two Years After Spinal Surgery for Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis

Increased ES FI is significantly associated with higher ODI scores across all subsections 2 years after lumbar surgery, whereas higher MF FI is linked to greater disability in standing and walking. These findings underscore the need to maintain PM health to improve surgical planning, improve rehabilitation outcomes, and reduce postoperative disability.