Realizing an anolyte utilization rate of 99% in low-cost zinc-based flow batteries by rejuvenating dead zinc

The electrochemical oxidation of dead zinc by Bi 2 O 3 effectively converts the exfoliated zinc into Zn(OH) 4 2− back to the anolyte, thereby extending the cycle life of alkaline zinc–iron flow batteries with anolyte utilization rate up to 99%.