Cyanine Dye Conjugation Enhances Crizotinib Localization to Intracranial Tumors, Attenuating NF-κB-Inducing Kinase Activity and Glioma Progression

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive form of brain cancer with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The ALK and c-MET inhibitor Crizotinib has demonstrated preclinical therapeutic potential for newly diagnosed GBM, although its efficacy is limited by poor penetration of the blood brain barrier. Here, we identify Crizotinib as a novel inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-inducing kinase, which is a key regulator of GBM growth and proliferation. We further show that the conjugation of Crizotinib to a heptamethine cyanine dye, or a near-infrared dye (IR-Crizotinib), attenuated glioma cell proliferation and survival in vitro to a greater extent than unconjugated Crizotinib. Moreover, we observed increased IR-Crizotinib localization to orthotopic mouse xenograft GBM tumors, which resulted in impaired tumor growth in vivo. Overall, IR-Crizotinib exhibited improved intracranial chemotherapeutic delivery and tumor localization with concurrent inhibition of NIK and noncanonical NF-κB signaling, thereby reducing glioma growth in vitro, as well as in vivo, and increasing survival in a preclinical rodent model.