Simultaneous detection of three nitrofuran antibiotics by the lateral flow immunoassay based on europium nanoparticles in aquatic products

Nitrofuran (NF) antibiotics have been banned worldwide in aquaculture due to their potential carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Because of the short half-life of NF antibiotics, an easy and sensitive multiple lateral flow immunoassay (mLFIA) based on europium nanoparticles (EuNPs) has been successfully established to simultaneously and quantitatively detect 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ) and sodium nifurstylenate (NFS) in aquatic products. The EuNP-mLFIA assay was accomplished within 10 min. The limits of detection (LODs) for AOZ, AMOZ and NFS were 0.013, 0.019 and 0.023 ng/mL, respectively. The average recoveries of AOZ, AMOZ and NFS were 98.0–104.4%, 96.0–102.6% and 98.0–102.8%, respectively. It showed satisfactory consistency, and the feasibility was validated by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). Briefly, this method will become a powerful tool for monitoring multiple NF antibiotics and provide promising applications in the field of food safety and environmental testing.