Illuminating the invisible: Advancing bio-imaging and diagnosis with modified near-infrared fluorescents

Fluorescent molecular probes serve as essential tools for achieving fluorescent imaging (FI), embodying a crucial technological advancement. These probes are often modified by various mechanisms involving intrinsic molecular changes and extrinsic environmental influences, resulting in distinct characteristics that ultimately impact the effectiveness of biological imaging. In this review, we summarize the relationship between the structure and optical properties of fluorescent molecules from the perspective of near infrared (NIR) organic fluorophores. The discussion then extends to modulation techniques and computer-aided design of molecules to improve their optical properties. In addition, practical applications of fluorescent molecules for bioimaging are highlighted. Finally, based on existing research findings, this review explores current challenges and prospects, which will greatly facilitate the design of high-performance fluorescent probes for enhanced imaging outcomes and serve as a valuable reference for ongoing research endeavors.