Clinical Adverse Events Associated with Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors: A Meta-Analysis Involving 10 Randomized Clinical Trials and 71 553 Individuals

SGLT2is are first-line antidiabetic agents with demonstrated cardiovascular benefits. Prior meta-analyses have examined adverse events (AEs) associated with these drugs in general, but such knowledge needs to be updated with the results of more recent trials. In addition, the occurrence of various AEs with different underlying diseases is unknown.This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the occurrence of various AEs associated with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) and to examine the level of risk of AEs in patients with different underlying diseases.We conducted a quantitative meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) retrieved from the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and the Cochrane library on January 31, 2021. Outcomes of interest included 4 overall safety outcomes (AEs) and 12 specified safety outcomes. Further analyses were performed on various subgroups, which were defined based on the status of diabetes mellitus (DM), atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), chronic kidney disease, and congestive heart failure, and by the dosage of SGLT2i (high dose vs low dose).Our analysis included 10 eligible studies with a total of 71 553 participants. The meta-analysis showed that SGLT2i led to increased risks of genital infection (risk ratio [RR] 3.56, 95% CI 2.84-4.46), urinary tract infection (RR 1.06, 95% CI 1.00-1.12), diabetic ketoacidosis (RR 2.23, 95% CI 1.36-3.63), and volume depletion (RR 1.14, 95% CI 1.06-1.23). However, the use of SGLT2i was associated with reduced risks of any serious AE (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.90-0.94), acute kidney injury (AKI) (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.77-0.91), and hyperkalemia (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.72-0.99). Within the different subgroups, the risk of amputation was higher in patients with ASCVD than in those without (RR 1.44 vs 0.96, P = .066).The use of SGLT2is is generally safe. SGLT2is may be associated with increased risks of genital infection but are protective against AKI. Of note, the risk of amputation was higher in patients with ASCVD. The key to the safe use of SGLT2is lies in the identification of high-risk populations and close surveillance of patients after treatment.