A review on the bio-functional roles of phospholipids from marine resources

Marine phospholipids (PLs) rich in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) have drawn keen interest recently among researchers and consumers and could be assumed as a “miracle drug”. Substantial amount of EPA and DHA, amazing and unique chemical properties and super bio-functional activities of marine PLs make it superior compared to terrestrial PLs, which lack long chain ω-3 PUFAs. Many comparative studies revealed that marine PLs showed higher health beneficial activities compared to PLs obtained from land sources. Marine PLs are not only beneficial in containing a high amount of ω-3 PUFAs but also in absorbing and assimilating ω-3 PUFAs in different tissues. Synergistic effects of PL compounds and ω-3 PUFAs in marine PLs showed super bio-functional performances like anti-atherosis and cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, immunological, and liver functions. A number of in vivo and in vitro studies on the administration of marine PLs extracted from fishes, mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms reduced triacylglycerol (TAG) level and enhanced cardioprotective functions, demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity, reduced cell proliferation and tumor, increased cognitive functions and memory, and prevented hepatic damages. Therefore, this review paper provides detailed accounts on the present research status of critical biological and nutritional functions of marine ω-3 PUFAs rich phospholipids focusing on the origin, animal models, treatment, and roles.