Synergistic Dual-Nano Delivery Systems for Enhanced Foliar Deposition and Disease Control

Pesticides are essential for global food security, yet their low utilization efficiency and significant environmental footprint challenge the sustainability of agriculture. Here we present a green strategy to develop two leaf-adhesive nanodelivery systems that synergistically combine difenoconazole (DIF) and pyraclostrobin (PYR). A carrier-free nanoemulsion (DIF-PYR NE) uses eco-friendly surfactants via a solvent-free process, while a biodegradable poly(lactic- co -glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanosuspension (DIF-PYR NS) functions as a controlled-release carrier system. Both nanoformulations exhibit a uniform size, good dispersibility, and favorable environmental safety. We systematically investigated their interactions with plants (wetting behavior and foliar deposition) and with pathogenic fungi (bioactivity and controlled-release profiles) and further elucidated the underlying antifungal mechanisms. Compared with conventional formulations, they significantly enhance the control of Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium graminearum; DIF-PYR NE acts as a rapid, broad-spectrum fungicide, whereas DIF-PYR NS provides sustained efficacy. This work established a versatile, efficient, and ecobenign nanopesticide platform for sustainable crop protection.