Protective effects of a herbal combination ( Dimocarpus longan and Orthosiphon stamineus ) on metabolic-associated fatty liver disease via the ERα-PI3K-AKT pathway

direct binding to PIK3CA, PIK3CB, and ESR1. These compounds synergistically reduced hepatic triglycerides (-59.3%) and cholesterol (-35.2%) levels, body fat mass (23.3%), and adipose tissue weight (inguinal: 39.6%; epididymal: 26.2%). This study demonstrated that the combination of longan and misai kucing activates the ERα-PI3K-AKT pathway to alleviate hepatic steatosis, which provides a pharmacodynamic basis for developing multi-herbal therapies against metabolic disorders.