Metformin treatment is associated with an increase in bone mineral density in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in China: A retrospective single center study

To investigate the association between metformin and bone mineral density (BMD) in a large cohort of Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).A total of 11,458 T2DM patients aged ≥40 years were included. Information on demographic, anthropometric and clinical characteristics was collected from medical records. BMD at lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), and total hip(TH) was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.Overall prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis was 37.4% and 10.3%, and was lower in patients on metformin (34.6% vs 38.3% and 7.1% vs 11.3%, both p < 0.001). Patients who had a lower BMI, older age, and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), had more osteoporosis, lower BMD (osteoporosis or osteopenia), and a lower T-score at LS, FN and TH. Metformin use and male sex was associated with a higher BMD. Metformin treatment was also independently associated with higher T-score at LS, FN and TH (β values of 0.120, 0.082 and 0.108; all p <0.001), and lower odds ratio of osteoporosis (OR = 0.779, 95%CI: 0.648-0.937, p = 0.008) or low BMD (OR = 0.834, 95%CI: 0.752 - 0.925, p = 0.001). However, when analyzed by sex, this association of a lower odds ratio for osteoporosis with metformin was only significant in women (OR= 0.775, 95% CI: 0.633-0.948; p = 0.013).Metformin treatment was associated with a higher T-score and a lower odds ratio of osteopenia and osteoporosis, especially in the female population, independent of age, BMI, and eGFR.