Transcriptional network analysis implicates altered hepatic immune function in NASH development and resolution

Progression of fatty liver to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a rapidly growing health problem. The presence of inflammatory infiltrates in the liver and hepatocyte damage distinguish NASH from simple steatosis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the development of NASH remain to be fully understood. Here we perform transcriptional and immune profiling of patients with NASH before and after lifestyle intervention (LSI). Analysis of liver microarray data from a cohort of patients with histologically assessed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) reveals a hepatic gene signature, which is associated with NASH and is sensitive to regression of NASH activity on LSI independently of body weight loss. Enrichment analysis reveals the presence of immune-associated genes linked to inflammatory responses, antigen presentation and cytotoxic cells in the NASH-linked gene signature. In an independent cohort, NASH is also associated with alterations in blood immune cell populations, including conventional dendritic cells (cDC) type 1 and 2, and cytotoxic CD8 T cells. Lobular inflammation and ballooning are associated with the accumulation of CD8 T cells in the liver. Progression from simple steatosis to NASH in a mouse model of diet-driven NASH results in a comparable immune-related hepatic expression signature and the accumulation of intrahepatic cDC and CD8 T cells. These results show that NASH, compared to normal liver or simple steatosis, is associated with a distinct hepatic immune-related gene signature, elevated hepatic CD8 T cells, and altered antigen-presenting and cytotoxic cells in blood. These findings expand our understanding of NASH and may identify potential targets for NASH therapy. Non-alcoholic steatosis is characterized by lipid accumulation within hepatocytes and can progress to NASH. Haas and colleagues demonstrate that livers from people with NASH show a distinct but reversible gene profile from simple steatosis and accumulation of intrahepatic cDC and CD8 T cells.