CMOS Nanopore-Based DNA Sequencing Systems: Recent Advancements and Future Prospects: A Review

Recent advancements in electrochemical detection have created significant opportunities in biosensing, particularly in medical diagnostics and health monitoring, where real-time response, high sensitivity, and accuracy are paramount. Nanopore-based deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing has emerged as a powerful tool for high-throughput genetic analysis, relying on precise sensing mechanisms and efficient readout electronics. This review provides a comprehensive overview of both nanopore sensor architectures and CMOS readout circuits used in modern DNA sequencing technologies. We discuss different nanopore structures, their advantages, limitations, and noise reduction techniques, alongside the critical role of CMOS readout circuits in converting weak electrochemical signals into actionable data. In addition, we explore the tradeoffs between different arrayed CMOS readout architectures, highlighting challenges in power consumption, noise performance, and scalability in multichannel nanopore arrays. By analyzing these advancements, this article underscores the importance of integrating innovative sensor designs with efficient readout electronics to enhance the accuracy and throughput of next-generation biosensing platforms.