Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases: a literature review

Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), arise when the immune system inappropriately attacks the body's own tissues, leading to chronic inflammation and significant morbidity. Traditional treatments, including corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and biologic agents, often provide incomplete disease control and are associated with substantial side effects. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, which targets and eliminates autoreactive B cells, has emerged as a promising novel approach for these conditions. This review evaluates the efficacy, safety, and therapeutic potential of CAR T-cell therapy in SLE and other autoimmune diseases, focusing on recent the most recent clinical studies. The review shows significant clinical improvements and sustained remissions in patients with severe, refractory autoimmune conditions, particularly with CD19 and B Cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA)-targeted CAR T-cell preparations. The review also examines adverse effects and safety profiles, emphasizing the differences in toxicity between cancer patients and those with autoimmune diseases. Overall, the findings highlight the transformative potential of CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune diseases management, offering new possibilities for more effective and longer-lasting disease control while underscoring the need for further research to optimize therapy protocols and better understand long-term outcomes and safety.