Applications of nanoparticle in enhanced oil recovery: A comprehensive review, history, and future prospects

Abstract Oil extraction methods are categorized into three main stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In the tertiary stage, techniques such as chemical injection, thermal injection, and dissolved gas injection are employed, with nanoparticles providing innovative solutions. Following primary and secondary recovery processes, more than 50% of the total oil volume remains trapped in reservoirs, highlighting the significance of EOR. Nanoparticles, ranging from 1 to 100 nanometres, enhance EOR through mechanisms such as permeability control, interfacial tension reduction, and mass transfer improvement. Among the nanoparticles studied, silica nanoparticles have shown extensive potential due to their stability and ability to alter reservoir wettability. These nanoparticles, along with others such as magnesium oxide, aluminium oxide, zinc oxide, and iron oxide, can increase the recovery factor by up to 20% by altering wettability, decreasing interfacial tension, and improving mobility control. The application of nanotechnology in the oil industry spans from exploration to refining, enhancing processes with nanomaterials such as solid compounds, complex fluids, and nanoparticle mixtures. Challenges include the high cost of chemicals and environmental concerns. The use of nanoparticles, particularly silica nanoparticles, in EOR demonstrates significant potential for improving oil extraction methods; however, it faces challenges in maximizing oil recovery while minimizing negative environmental impacts. Future research should focus on the application of nanotechnology in EOR to develop methods that are both effective and environmentally sustainable. Balancing efficiency and environmental responsibility are essential for advancing toward a cleaner and more efficient oil industry.