Electromagnetic interference shielding: a comprehensive review of materials, mechanisms, and applications

Rapid advancements in nanotechnology have led to electronic devices with densely integrated components, contributing to increased Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) pollution. EMI, a high-frequency electromagnetic signal, disrupts electronic circuits and can originate from external devices or within the affected component itself. Beyond causing electronic malfunctions, EMI exposure leads to health risks. This review discusses the Electromagnetic Interference Shielding (EMIS) mechanisms, such as reflection, absorption, and multiple reflection. It also examines recent advancements in EMIS materials, based on carbon-based, polymer-based, and carbon-polymer hybrid nanocomposites. It also investigates carbon-based materials, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and activated carbon due to their high electrical conductivity and EMI absorption properties. Polymer-based composites, incorporated with conductive polymers and metal oxides, are evaluated for their flexibility and processability. Carbon-polymer hybrid nanocomposites are highlighted due to their synergistic effects, combining the strengths of both components to achieve a high EMIS performance. This review also addresses the materials that are sustainable and recyclable for EMIS applications.