Carbon-supported non-noble metal single-atom catalysts for electro-catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction

Hydrogen – a renewable and clean energy is deemed as the best alternative to fossil fuels. Electro-catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) based on non-noble metals exhibits great potentials in recent years, especially at the atomic level. In this review, the reaction mechanisms of HER are firstly illustrated, followed by the introduction of preparation methods for single atom catalysts (SACs) supported on carbons. Subsequent sections consist of representative characterizations and simulation methods for SACs. After that, the applications of non-noble metal-based SACs/C catalysts in HER are discussed based on the metal type. During the discussion of their applications, the structure-performance relationships are elaborated in depth in terms of the design strategy, including the carbon matrix, heteroatom doping and bimetallic composition. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of electrolytic HER are proposed.