Synergistic integration of electrical stimulation, reactive oxygen species regulation, and pro-angiogenic for accelerated wound healing

Wound healing involves a complex series of coordinated events throughout the inflammatory, proliferative, and maturation phases of tissue repair. Current treatment modalities lack a device catering to all wound healing stages for tissue recovery, angiogenesis and epithelialization. Herein, we developed an integrated wound healing system with multiple functions of self-electrical stimulation (ES), reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation, and bioactive metal-releasing patch (ERMP) to address all wound healing stages including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. The multiple functions of ERMP are ES, generated by the movement of the mice, for tissue regeneration, magnesium (Mg) ion release via iontophoresis triggered by ES for pro-angiogenic effects, and simultaneous regulation of ROS. This system employs self-generating ES utilizing the movements of the individuals to trigger triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which consequently transfer ES through Mg microneedles while effectively delivering enhanced Mg ions with an iontophoresis via ES to the wound site. Specially, Prussian blue (PB) was utilized to not only enhance output performance on TENG as charge trap, but also regulate excessive ROS via modified PB with carbon–nitrogen vacancies in the wound site. The synergistic effects of ES, ROS regulation, and enhanced Mg ions releases led to a nine-fold recovery rates in wound healing compared to the control group in vivo tests. This approach addresses the inherent limitations of conventional wound healing methods and provides a viable treatment for various severe wound types.