Thiophenes and Their Benzo Derivatives: Applications

This section summarizes the applications of thiophenes and their benzo derivatives for the period of 2007–19. This section is directed to the synthesis, and optoelectronic and medicinal applications of thiophenes and benzothiophenes. The synthesis covers the new methodologies for the construction of a thiophene ring, as well as the preparation of thiophene-based macrocycles, hetero polycycles, helicene, and quinoidal π-conjugated molecules. The optoelectronic applications include the fabrication of organic-field effective transistors, organic solar cells, supercapacitors, molecular junctions, and sensors. The medicinal applications of thiophenes as histone deacetylases inhibitors and as fluorescence probe for cancer and protein aggregates are briefly introduced.