Porous carbon-nanostructured electrocatalysts for zinc–air batteries: from materials design to applications

Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) are pivotal in the evolution of sustainable energy storage solutions, distinguished by their high energy density and minimal environmental footprint. The oxygen electrode, which relies on sophisticated porous carbon materials, is critical to operational efficiency. This review scrutinizes oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) processes in ZABs through advanced porous carbon applications. It delves into innovative synthesis techniques such as templating, chemical vapor deposition, and self-assembly that tailor pore structures for peak performance. The interactions between catalytic sites and carbon nanostructures, which significantly boost electrochemical performance, are highlighted. The manuscript discusses future strategies for overcoming current challenges by advancing catalytic efficiency and electrode design, emphasizing the integration of nano-engineering and materials science to foster ZABs with superior energy capacity and adaptability. Additionally, the review projects how ongoing research into carbon material properties could unlock new applications in other energy systems, potentially broadening the scope of ZAB technology. This paper integrates recent advancements in porous carbon materials, offering pivotal insights for next-generation high-performance ZAB development.