An overview of sodium-ion batteries as next-generation sustainable electrochemicaldevices beyond the traditional lithium-ion framework

The rise in the popularity of electric vehicles and portable devices has boosted the demand for rechargeable batteries, with lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries favored for their superior energy and power density. However, supply strains and sustainability issues are driving the search for alternatives. Postlithium technologies, particularly sodium-ion (Na-ion) batteries, are gaining attention for their promising potential and similarity to Li-ion technology. While efforts are still needed to enhance the energy and power density as well as the cycle life of Na-ion batteries to replace Li-ion batteries, these energy storage devices present significant advantages in terms of sustainability, theoretical capacity, and intrinsic safety features. Through this paper, the current state of Na-ion batteries, focusing on key components such as anodes, electrolytes, cathodes, binders, separators, and current collectors, has been critically assessed. Recent advancements, challenges, future directions, and new materials engineering strategies for improving electrochemical performance are also discussed. Overall, this review offers a comprehensive analysis of the development of high-performance, cost-effective, and sustainable energy storage systems.