Virtual cycling in urban green and blue vs gray spaces: The efficacy of mental health and physical activity

OBJECTIVES: An urban environment may be stressful, potentially leading to poor mental health. Natural elements are important in urban environments with many restorative and potential health benefits compared to artificial elements. Virtual reality can simulate an urban environment in a digital world. The purpose of this study was to compare the different effects on mental health and physical activity outcomes between cycling in virtual urban green-blue and gray spaces. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial conducted from September 2021 to June 2022. METHODS: In total, 62 participants were randomly assigned to either the green-blue or gray group. All participants received a virtual cycling intervention for 30 min per session, once a week for 12 weeks. Different 360° videos of urban views were shown on head-mounted display headsets between the two groups. Virtual green and blue spaces consisted of bike trails that passed through natural elements with landscapes and waterscapes, while virtual gray spaces consisted of bike trails that passed through more-artificial elements in cities. Outcomes at the baseline and post-intervention were measured by self-reported questionnaires and objective instruments. RESULTS: Participants in the green-blue group had improved positive affect, perceived stress, and light-intensity physical activity compared to the gray group. Participants in the green-blue group had lower perceived exertion and virtual reality sickness, and higher enjoyment than those in the gray group. CONCLUSIONS: Virtual reality cycling in the urban green and blue spaces is recommended for mental health and PA promotion for urban adult populations.