Nanoplatforms Based on Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) for Biomedical Applications

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) make up an emerging class of crystalline porous materials mainly composed of light elements in the form of dynamic covalent bonds. Owing to their two- or three-dimensional network structures and ideal properties, including low density, large specific surface area, high chemical stability, and good biocompatibility, COFs have shown a wide range of applications in optoelectronic devices, energy conversion and storage, adsorption and separation, sensing, organic catalysis, and biomedicine. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in functional COF-based nanoplatforms for biological diagnosis and treatment, such as enzyme catalysis, protein separation, drug delivery, photodynamic/photothermal therapy, and synergistic treatment. Challenges and future directions of developing COFs for biomedicine and related applications are also discussed. We envisage that this review will inspire materials scientists, chemists, biologists, and clinical doctors working in related fields to work closely to move this field toward clinical trials and human healthcare.