From waste to wealth: upcycling spent LiCoO 2 batteries into a high-performance Co 3 O 4 -graphene modified diaphragm for lithium–sulfur batteries

A sustainable strategy upcycles spent LiCoO 2 batteries into a Co 3 O 4 /N-doped graphene diaphragm modifier, which suppresses the polysulfide shuttle and ensures long-term Li–S battery stability through synergistic adsorption-confinement.