Photocatalytic driven ‘self-cleaning’ IPN membranes infused with a ‘host-guest’ pair consisting of metal-organic framework encapsulated anionic ‘nano-clusters’ for water remediation

Traditional water treatment membranes frequently encounter challenges in attaining an ideal equilibrium between permeability and selectivity. The performance of membranes is further hampered by hydrophobicity, scalability, and fouling problems, as well as excessive energy consumption. Hence, the current research is dedicated to the development of highly effective antifouling membranes, aiming for a significant balance between water permeance and separation efficiency, and featuring exceptional photocatalytic self-cleaning properties to ensure the sustainable reuse of membranes. In this study, a unique nanocomposite-based membrane is designed containing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) MIL-101 (Fe) encapsulated copper-containing polyoxometalate (Cu-POM) incorporated into an interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) membrane. POMs are highly electronegative, oxo-enriched nanosized metal-oxygen cluster species and when composited with MOF yields POMOF which can help in the removal of pollutants from water through electrostatic site-specific binding. The IPN membrane designed by polymerizing aniline in the presence of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) offers tunable pores of the membrane. The infusion of POMOF imparts a strong negative charge to the membrane surface, improving membrane hydrophilicity. This enhances pollutant removal through the Donnan exclusion principle and adds anti-fouling properties. Furthermore, the reduced pore size achieved by the IPN architecture in the POMOF@IPNs membrane effectively sieves out both cationic and anionic dyes, as well as pharmaceutical pollutants. Additionally, POMOF enhances the photocatalytic degradation of CR and MB dyes, coupled with essential self-cleaning attributes vital for separation processes. The IPNs structure, apart from housing POMOF, fortifies the membrane's mechanical strength with its distinctive network-like configuration. Furthermore, these advanced membranes showcase robust antibacterial and antiviral characteristics, while remaining non-cytotoxic to mammalian cells. Our findings indicate that the state-of-the-art POMOF@IPNs membrane is scalable and holds substantial promise for industrial wastewater treatment.