The use of bismuth-based photocatalysts for the production of ammonia through photocatalytic nitrogen fixation

The photocatalytic nitrogen fixation (PNF) has gained considerable attention as the means for the production of ammonia (NH 3 ) in a more eco-friendly and less energy-intensive manner than the conventional approach (e.g., Haber-Bosch process). In this review, the PNF potential of bismuth (Bi)-based catalysts is discussed based on the evaluation of their performance (e.g., in terms of figures of merit (FoM) and ammonia production rate (APR)). Accordingly, bismuth oxyhalides are found to be the most effective PNF catalysts among Bi-based materials. Overall, the superior PNF potential of Bi-based materials (over non-Bi-based materials) should be accounted for by a stronger chemical interaction between Bi and N atoms. Among various modification strategies of Bi-based photocatalysts, defect engineering approach can be recommended as an effective option to further enhance PNF capacity with the aid of more active sites for N 2 reduction. • Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation (PNF) is an ecofriendly approach for ammonia production. • PNF consumes less energy and lower CO 2 emission than the traditional HB process. • The PNF performance of Bi-based materials is generally superior to other catalysts. • Surface defects engineering is recommendable to improve their photocatalytic capability.