Recent advances in neuroinflammation prevention and therapy: the role of natural products and underlying mechanisms based on molecular targets

Neuroinflammation is initiated in response to a variety of endogenous and exogenous sources. As the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, the polarization of microglia into either the M1 pro‐inflammatory phenotype or the M2 anti‐inflammatory phenotype holds great promise as a therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammation. Natural products, comprising a vital chemical library with distinctive structures and diverse functions, have been extensively employed to modulate microglial polarization for the treatment of neuroinflammation. In this review, we present up‐to‐date and extensive insights into the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of natural products in the context of neuroinflammation. Furthermore, the review aims to present a new perspective by focusing on the targets of natural compounds, elucidating the molecular mechanisms and guiding the transition from natural‐derived lead compounds to potential anti‐neuroinflammatory drugs. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive overview of the challenges and limitations associated with the utilization of natural products for neuroinflammation therapy.