Microfluidics Enabling the Controlled Manufacturing of Peptide and Protein Micro and Nano Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications

The intersection of microfluidics (MFs) and biomaterials has opened new avenues for the precise fabrication of micro- and nanostructures with tailored properties. Peptides and proteins are among these biomaterials recently gaining significant attention, offering unique advantages due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, assembly into biofunctional structures, and potential for targeted interactions. This Review provides a comprehensive overview of advancements in manufacturing of peptide- and protein-based micro- and nanomaterials (PPMNs) using MFs and identifies gaps in current knowledge. We discussed key aspects of MFs systems relevant to the fabrication of micro- and nanostructures, including microchip design and material, as well as manufacturing parameters. By understanding these factors, researchers can optimize MFs systems to precisely tune the size, shape, and composition of the fabricated PPMNs, and get insights into future research directions and address current limitations. Digital approaches and standardization of MFs will accelerate translation of PPMNs for different biomedical applications.