Robust Cu2+-Modified Black Phosphorus Nanoplatform for Enhanced Drug Delivery and Synergistic Multimodal Tumor Therapy via Metal Ion-Assisted π–π Interactions

/DOX-CMs). Combined with near-infrared laser irradiation, this nanoplatform achieves synergistic multimodal therapy by integrating phototherapy, chemotherapy, chemodynamic therapy, and cuproptosis to enhance antitumor efficacy. The study highlights the potential of metal ion-assisted π-π stacking interactions in the development of advanced 2D nanoplatforms, thereby paving the way for innovative biomedical applications utilizing conventional 2D nanomaterials.