Cascade Biomineralization of Geometrically Tuned Osteon-Mimetic Composite Biovesicle-Hydrogel Coating Improves Ti Implant-Assisted Repair of Osteoporotic Bone Fractures

influx and osteogenic differentiation of adherent osteoblasts, while the biovesicle-mediated in situ VD3 delivery could further boost cellular Ca/P metabolism and mineral precursor excretion to accelerate ECM mineralization. These functions could act in a cooperative manner to promote new bone formation at the bone-implant interface to accelerate Ti-based implant osteointegration, presenting a promising approach for osteoporotic bone fracture repair in the clinic.