Salidroside improves angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling by regulating the HIF-1α/VEGF signalling pathway in the bone environment

Angiogenesis is essential for bone formation during skeletal development. HIF-1α and the HIF-responsive gene VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) are reported to be a key mechanism for coupling osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Salidroside (SAL), a major biologically active compound of Rhodiola rosea L., possesses diverse pharmacological effects. However, whether SAL can protect against bone loss via the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway, specifically by inducing angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling in vivo, remains unknown. Therefore, in the present study, we employed primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the permanent EA.hy926 human endothelial cell line to determine the cellular and molecular effects of SAL on vascular endothelial cells and the HIF-1α-VEGF signalling pathway in the coupling of angiogenesis-osteogenesis. The in vitro study revealed that the HUVECs and EA.hy926 cells treated with conditioned medium from osteoblast cells (MG-63 cells) treated with SAL or treated directly with SAL showed enhanced proliferation, migration and capillary structure formation. However, supplementation with an anti-VEGF antibody during the treatment of endothelial cells (ECs) significantly reversed the pro-angiogenic effect of SAL. Moreover, SAL upregulated HIF-1α expression and increased its transcriptional activity, consequently upregulating VEGF expression at the mRNA and protein levels. In addition, our in vivo analysis demonstrated that SAL can stimulate endothelial sprouting from metatarsal bones. Thus, our mechanistic study demonstrated that the pro-angiogenic effects of SAL involve HIF-1α-VEGF signalling by coordinating the coupling of angiogenesis-osteogenesis in the bone environment. Therefore, we have discovered an ideal molecule that simultaneously enhances angiogenesis and osteogenesis and thereby accelerates bone healing.