Tumor Microenvironment and CAR-T Cell Therapy: Challenges, Breakthroughs, and Future Perspectives

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has achieved unprecedented success in hematologic malignancies, yet its application in solid tumors remains fraught with challenges. Key barriers include antigen heterogeneity, limited tumor infiltration, and most critically, the profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME).