Research Progress on Titanium Carbonitride (TiCN) Materials: From Coatings to Nanoparticles for Enhanced Mechanical Property and Corrosion Protection: A Review

Titanium carbonitride (TiCN) has emerged as a significant material, bridging the gap between traditional binary carbides and nitrides to offer a comprehensive combination of superior mechanical strength, exceptional wear resistance, and excellent chemical stability. This review comprehensively surveys the research progress in TiCN materials, tracing their evolution from coating technologies to the forefront of nanoparticle synthesis and application. We begin by examining conventional physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques for producing TiCN coatings, highlighting their roles in extending the service life of cutting tools, forming tools, and components subjected to abrasive and corrosive environments. The discussion then shifts to the synthesis of TiCN nanoparticles, covering advanced methods such as laser ablation, solvothermal processes, and precursor pyrolysis, with a critical analysis of their advantages and limitations in controlling particle size, morphology, and stoichiometry. The enhancement in the nanoscale formulation of TiCN on mechanical properties including hardness, fracture toughness, and load-bearing capacity is through grain refinement and nanocomposite strengthening mechanisms. Furthermore, the review delves into the corrosion protection mechanisms imparted by TiCN, whether as a dense coating/film or as a reinforcing nanophase in composite matrices. Finally, we identify current challenges in scalable synthesis and phase stability, and propose future directions, such as the development of multi-functional TiCN-based nanocomposites and hybrid coating architectures for next-generation applications in extreme environments. This work aims to provide a structured reference that connects fundamental material properties with applied technological advancements across the micro- to nanoscale.