NELL1 augments osteogenesis and inhibits inflammation of human periodontal ligament stem cells induced by BMP9

Abstract Background Periodontitis could lead to periodontal destruction such as the loss of alveolar bone. The issue that how to achieve the regeneration of alveolar bone and periodontal tissues under the inflammatory environment needs to be solved urgently. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) is one of the most potent osteoinductive BMPs and induces osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. The aim of this study is to explore the possible effect of BMP9 on the osteogenic differentiation of inflammatory periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). Methods Human PDLSCs were cultured in osteoinductive medium with 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide Porphyromonas gingivitis (LPS‐PG). Adenoviral vector expressing system was used to overexpress target genes. In vitro expression of osteogenic markers was assessed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, alkaline phosphatase assay, and alizarin red staining. Subcutaneous implantation nude mice models were used to evaluate the effects of BMP9 on PDLSCs in vivo. Microcomputed tomography, hematoxylin & eosin staining, and trichrome staining were performed to assess ectopic bone formation. Results In the LPS‐PG induced inflammatory environment, BMP9 promoted osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs, but upregulated the expression of inflammatory markers ( P > 0.05); NEL‐like protein 1 (NELL1) downregulated the expression of inflammation genes in PDLSCs induced by BMP9, while augmenting BMP9‐induced osteogenesis of the cells both in vitro and in vivo. In the above process, the MAPK/p38/ERK signaling pathway was triggered by NELL1. Conclusion The combination use of BMP9 and NELL1 might have the potential to promote the regeneration of alveolar bone in periodontitis.