Background: Oncolytic adenoviruses are under study as a potential anticancer treatment. Their preclinical antitumor activity; however, has not been effectively translated to the clinic. A contributing factor may be the clinical relevance of immunodeficient mouse tumor xenograft models used to study these vectors. While these demonstrate viral replication in the xenograft, they are limited by the lack of natural host immune responses to the virus, associated toxicity, dissemination and systemic viral replication.