We have danced around the notion of ‘proof’ throughout this book, not to avoid it, but to delay discussing it in a way to advance readers’ mathematical literacy. Those, who have been exposed to proofs in their school days may have come away with very little understanding what constitutes a ‘proof’, and why proofs are necessary. In most cases, other fields must depend upon mathematics to provide proofs of their theories. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.