Diagnostic Advances in Urine Cytology

The utility of urine cytology has shifted from the identification of red blood cells, crystals, or parasites to its currently used role of detection of cancer cells exfoliated in urine samples. A variety of ancillary tests have been developed to complement the diagnostic ability of urine cytology. Furthermore, urine testing will continue to evolve as the pathogenesis of genitourinary tract diseases in depth is understood. This article focuses on the diagnostic advances in urine cytology from the cytomorphological perspective, past and current reporting schemes, and the application of ancillary testing in urine samples.