Recent advances in MOF-based composites engineered for dyes and metal ions removal from aqueous environments. A review

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as versatile materials for wastewater treatment owing to their high surface area, tunable porosity, and multifunctional active sites. However, the instability of pristine MOFs in aqueous environments and the leaching of metal or ligand species remain critical barriers to their practical application. This review focuses on advanced hybrid MOF composites designed for the removal of organic dyes and heavy metal ions, highlighting their structural features, removal mechanisms, and performance. The focus is made on the recent developments in composite design and functionalization approaches that improve water stability and reusability. The article also examines isotherm and kinetic models, as well as adsorption mechanisms, that govern MOF performance. Special focus is placed on the degradation processes of MOFs in water and the effects that can be reduced by hybridisation. Integrating the state-of-the-art results, this review presents a critical framework that connects synthesis, structure, performance, and reusability, providing guidelines for the rational construction of robust MOF-based adsorbents and photocatalysts to showcase an integrated approach to wastewater remediation. • Recent advances in MOF-based composites in wastewater treatment were reviewed. • MOFs and MOF-based composites design methods were summarized. • MOF-based composites are powerful adsorbents for dyes and metal ions removal. • Possible interaction mechanisms were summarized. • MOF-based composites are cost-effective with recycling and reuse potential. • The challenges and recommendations for future research hotspots were proposed.