Recent progress in therapeutic strategies and biomimetic nanomedicines for rheumatoid arthritis treatment

INTRODUCTION: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune systemic disease in which inflammatory and immune cells accumulate in inflamed joints. Researchers aimed at the characteristics of RA to achieve the effect of treating RA through different therapeutic strategies, and have used various endogenous materials to design drug-loaded nanoparticles that can target RA by binding to cell adhesion molecules or chemokines. In some cases, the nanoparticles can respond to the characteristics of the microenvironment. AREAS COVERED: This article reviews the recent advances in the treatment of RA from two aspects of therapeutic strategies and delivery strategies. Therapeutic strategies mainly include neutralization of inflammatory factors, promotion of inflammatory cell apoptosis, ROS scavenger, immunosuppression, and bone tissue repair. The drug delivery strategy is mainly described from two aspects: chemically functionalized biomimetic nanoparticles and endogenous nanoparticles. EXPERT OPINION: Biomimetic NPs may be effective drug carriers for targeted RA treatment. NPs can reduce the clearance of mononuclear phagocytes, prolong the blood circulation time, and improve the targeting ability. With the deepening of research, more and more biomimetic NPs have entered the clinical trial stage. However, safe and scalable preparation methods are needed to improve their clinical applicability.