Synthetic Applications of C–O and C–E Bond Activation Reactions

Transition metal catalyzed reactions that involve the activation of unactivated C–O bonds, such as those in alcohols, phenols, esters and ethers, are extensively reviewed. The development of suitable catalyst systems allows C–O bond activation to be applied to diverse transformations, including cross-coupling, C–heteroatom bond formation, C–H functionalization and annulation reactions. Key milestones in the related catalytic activation of C–S, C–N, C–Si and C–P bonds are also described.