Borosilicate glass nanopipettes enhanced by synergistic electrostatic interactions and steric hindrance for ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of nanoplastics in environmental water samples

and delivers reliable performance in real-world water samples, including spring water and tap water, without the need for extensive pretreatment. The developed platform not only simplifies the detection process but also offers high spatiotemporal resolution, making it highly promising for real-time monitoring of environmental nanoplastics and addressing the pressing need for advanced analytical tools in nanoplastic research.