Basaltic sills emplaced in organic-rich sedimentary rocks: Consequences for organic matter maturation and Cretaceous paleo-climate

Many continental large igneous provinces coincide with climate perturbations and mass extinctions. When basaltic plumbing systems traverse carbon-rich sedimentary rocks, large volumes of greenhouse gases may be generated. We document how intrusive sills of the Mesozoic High Arctic Large Igneous Province affected surrounding fine-grained, organic-rich siliciclastic rocks of the Sverdrup Basin in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Petrographic and X-ray diffraction data from samples located near sills show the presence of high-temperature metamorphic phases (diopside, andalusite, garnet, and cordierite). Raman thermometry on organic matter yields peak temperatures of 385−400 °C near sill contacts, tailing off to far-field temperatures of ≤230 °C. Samples located >20 m from sills show no systematic change in vitrinite reflectance and have a VRo eq% value of ∼2.5%, which indicates a temperature of ∼210 °C. The finite element thermal modeling tool SUTRAHEAT was applied to the 17-m-thick Hare Sill, emplaced at 3 km depth at 1105 °C. SUTRAHEAT results show that contact-proximal rocks attain temperatures of >700 °C for a brief period (∼1 year). By 5 years, the Hare Sill is completely solidified (<730 °C), and the temperature anomaly collapses rapidly thereafter as the thermal pulse propagates outward. By 10 years, all rocks within 10 m of the Hare Sill are between 450 °C and 400 °C, rocks at 20 m from the contact attain 200 °C, yet far-field temperatures (>50 m) have barely changed. When multiple sills are emplaced between 4 km and 6 km depth, all rocks between sills reach ∼250 °C after 100 years, showing that it is possible to raise regional-scale background temperatures by ∼150 °C for the observed High Arctic Large Igneous Province sill density. Vitrinite reflectance data and pyrolysis results, together with SILLi thermal modeling, indicate that much of the hydrocarbon-generating potential was eliminated by High Arctic Large Igneous Province intrusions. The SILLi model yields ∼20 tonnes/m2 of organic equivalent CO2 (all carbon gas is reported as CO2) from the Hare Sill alone when emplaced into Murray Harbour Formation rocks with 5.7 wt% organic carbon, and ∼226 tonnes/m2 by emplacement of multiple sills throughout the 2-km-thick Blaa Mountain Group with 3 wt% organic carbon. On a basin scale, this yields a total of ∼2550 Gt CO2 from the Hare Sill, with ∼13,000 Gt CO2 being generated by the multiple sill scenario, similar to estimates from other large igneous provinces. Much of the Blaa Mountain Group rocks now have organic carbon contents of <1 wt%, which is consistent with large volumes of carbon-species gas having been generated, likely a mixture of CO2, CH4, and other species. However, organic-rich Murray Harbour Formation rocks show no obvious reduction in organic carbon content toward the Hare Sill intrusive contacts, which suggests that not all of the carbon was lost from the sedimentary package hosting High Arctic Large Igneous Province magmas. We suggest that some of the gas generated by contact metamorphism failed to drain out for lack of high-permeability conduits, and then back-reacted to form calcite cements and pyrobitumen during cooling.