Effect of the mitophagy inducer urolithin A on age-related immune decline: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial

monocytes in UA-treated participants, as well as improved activation-elicited TNF secretion in T cells and bacterial uptake by monocytes. Exploratory single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated UA-driven transcriptional shifts across immune populations, modulating pathways linked to inflammation and metabolism. These findings indicate that short-term UA supplementation modulates human immune cell composition and function, supporting its potential to counteract age-related immune decline and inflammaging. ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT05735886 .