High piezoelectricity of BaTiO3–CaTiO3–BaSnO3 lead-free ceramics

The ultrahigh converse piezoelectric coefficient d*33 = 1444 pm V⁻¹ and strain 0.070%, which are the highest values reported so far in lead-free ceramics, were achieved at the component of multiphase coexistence, suggesting that the BaTiO₃–CaTiO₃–BaSnO₃ system is a promising lead-free alternative material for electromechanical actuator applications.