The Historical Development of Experimental Techniques in Vibrational Spectroscopy

Abstract The sections in this article are Introduction The Laying of the Foundations: the Period to 1945 Infrared Spectroscopy: the Development of Experimental Techniques The Origins and Interpretation of Infrared Spectra Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy Atmospheric Studies Blackbody Radiation and Quantum Theory High‐Resolution Vibration–Rotation Spectra Molecular Structure Analysis by Vibrational Spectroscopy The R aman Effect and Its Applications The Period, since 1945, of Multiple Applications of the Infrared and R aman Spectroscopies The Evolution of Commercial Infrared Spectrometers Dispersion Spectrometers Infrared Interferometers; the F ourier‐Transform Revolution Tunable Lasers as Infrared Sources Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy Far‐Infrared Spectroscopy Additional Experimental and Theoretical Techniques in Infrared Spectroscopy and their Applications Attenuated Total (Internal) Reflection Depth Profiling of Samples Detectors Diamond Anvil (High‐Pressure) Cell Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy Digitization of Spectra Emission Spectroscopy Gas Chromatography Infrared Microscopy Long‐Pathlength Gas Cells KBr Disks Low‐Temperature Matrix Isolation N ujol Mulls Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Polarization and Polarization‐Modulation Spectroscopy Quantum‐Mechanical Calculations of Vibrational Spectra Reflection Spectroscopy Reflection‐Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy and the Metal–Surface Selection Rule Sum Frequency Generation Surface Spectroscopy Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy The R aman Spectroscopies from 1945 R aman Spectroscopy Resonance R aman Spectroscopy Coherent Anti‐Stokes R aman Spectroscopy ( CARS ) Hyper‐ R aman Spectroscopy Inverse R aman Spectroscopy Stimulated R aman Effect Additional Techniques in R aman Spectroscopy and their Applications R aman Optical Activity Optical Fiber Sampling Surface R aman Spectroscopy Surface‐Enhanced R aman Spectra The Newer Vibrational Spectroscopies High‐Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy Inelastic Neutron Scattering Inelastic Molecular Beam Scattering Epilog Biomolecular Spectroscopy Crystal Spectra Double‐Minima Spectroscopic Phenomena Hydrogen Bonding and Intermolecular Interactions Inorganic Spectroscopy Intensities in Vibrational Spectra Internal Rotation within Molecules: Conformational (Rotational) Isomerism Molecular Force Fields and Vibration Frequencies Conclusion Acknowledgments