Current and future trends in the biocontrol of postharvest diseases

Postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables cause significant economic losses to producers and marketing firms. Many of these diseases are caused by necrotrophic fungal pathogens that require wounded or injured tissues to establish an infection. Biocontrol of postharvest diseases is an evolving science that has moved from the traditional paradigm of one organism controlling another organism to viewing biocontrol as a system involving the biocontrol agent, the pathogen, the host, the physical environment, and most recently the resident microflora. Thus, the paradigm has shifted from one of simplicity to complexity. The present review provides an overview of how the field of postharvest biocontrol has evolved over the past 40 years, a brief review of the biology of necrotrophic pathogens, the discovery of BCAs, their commercialization, and mechanisms of action. Most importantly, current research on the use of marker-assisted-selection, the fruit microbiome and its relationship to the pathobiome, and the use of double-stranded RNA as a biocontrol strategy is discussed. These latter subjects represent evolving trends in postharvest biocontrol research and suggestions for future research are presented.