Advancements and future directions in defect passivation for perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted widespread attention due to their high energy conversion efficiency and low manufacturing cost. Despite their promise, the intrinsic defects in perovskite materials poses substantial challenges. To this end, we conduct an in-depth analysis on the sources and classifications of defects in PSCs, and further clarify the effects of these defects on the device performance. Subsequently, diverse defect passivation strategies that can improve the charge extraction efficiency, transport efficiency, and photovoltaic conversion efficiency are explored as well. It involves a comprehensive overview of recent advances in defect passivation strategies, such as passivation of the hole transport layer interface, surface modification of perovskite thin films, and bulk phase passivation methods. Finally, we prospect the further development of perovskite solar cells.