The Gut Microbiota Affects Anti‐TNF Responsiveness by Activating the NAD+ Salvage Pathway in Ulcerative Colitis

) salvage pathway by upregulating NAMPT expression, which subsequently leads to the activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and promotes the secretion of inflammatory factors, ultimately inhibiting the therapeutic response to anti-TNF drugs. These findings demonstrate that the gut microbiota can influence the response to anti-TNF therapy in patients with UC and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting F. nucleatum and its associated pathways for preventing and treating drug resistance in UC.