Temporal and spatial patterns of traditional village distribution evolution in Xiangxi, China: identifying multidimensional influential factors and conservation significance

Abstract This study systematically investigates the spatio-temporal distribution, influential factors, and conservation significance of 413 traditional villages in Xiangxi, China. Employing methods such as ArcGIS spatial analysis, geographic statistical analysis, and historical literature review, this work meticulously delineates the intricate interplay of natural, societal, and cultural elements in shaping the evolution of village distributions. As pillars of China's rich traditional culture, these villages encapsulate profound historical, folkloric, and architectural values. Their spatial and temporal transformations are instrumental in unraveling Xiangxi’s historical and cultural tapestry, thereby informing strategic conservation efforts. The research findings are as follows: (1) from a spatial perspective, traditional villages in Xiangxi, China, exhibit an overall clustering tendency, characterized by a distribution pattern of "more in the core, fewer on the periphery, with small clusters and significant dispersion." These villages are distributed in multiple bands along ancient postal routes, the Wuling Mountains, the Xuefeng Mountains, and river basins. (2) Traditional villages in Xiangxi primarily originated prior to the Yuan Dynasty, with a predominant north–south spatial orientation. Over successive dynasties, the distribution center gradually shifted northeastward, resulting in an expansion of the spatial distribution range and a decrease in directional bias. (3) The formation and distribution evolution of traditional villages are influenced by a combination of natural factors, socio-economic factors, and historical-cultural factors. Natural factors and cultural elements influence the selection and layout of traditional village sites, while socio-economic and historical-cultural factors impact their development and evolution. In conclusion, the distribution evolution of traditional villages in Xiangxi, China, underscores the intricate interplay of diverse factors, spanning the realms of nature, society, and culture. Recognizing this complexity is essential in comprehending the historical and cultural tapestry of Xiangxi and in formulating strategies for the preservation of these invaluable cultural and historical assets. The preservation of traditional villages transcends mere heritage conservation; it represents a pivotal step towards safeguarding the multifaceted heritage of Xiangxi.