Electrocatalytic C–N coupling for sustainable urea synthesis: mechanisms, challenges, and future perspectives

coupling, while highlighting how careful electrocatalyst design enhances these crucial interactions. Furthermore, this review explores various electrochemical cell configurations, such as membrane-based cells, flow cells, and H-type cells, for urea production. The aim of this study is to synthesize existing knowledge on reaction processes, catalyst development, and system design, offering valuable insights and guidance for the formation of efficient, scalable electrocatalytic systems for sustainable urea synthesis.