The foundations of dual language instruction

Most chapters conclude with Summary, Activities and Questions to Think About, and Suggestions for Further Reading. Preface. 1. Historical and International Perspectives. Societal Bilingualism. Education in More Than One Language: An International Perspective. The History of Dual Language Instruction in the United States. 2. Dual Language Program Models. What Is a Program Model? Transitional Bilingual Programs. Language Maintenance Programs. Enrichment Programs. Immersion Programs. Models and Realities: What Does Bilingual Education Look Like in Practice? Dual Language Instruction in Private Schools. Bilingual Teachers. The Role of Paraprofessionals. Bilingual Education and Multicultural Education. 3. Aspects of Language. The Study of Language. What Is Language? Subsystems of Language. Other Aspects of Communication. Language Attitudes. Language Varieties. More Than One Language. The Ebonics Debate. 4. Language Development. First Language Development: Memorizing or Hypothesizing? First Language Development and Comprehensible Input. Second Language Acquisition. Integrative Models of Second Language Speakers Interact. 5. Student Assessment. Testing Second Language Learners: General Issues. Language Proficiency. How is Language Proficiency Assessed? Standardized Achievement Testing. Diagnostic Testing for Placement in Special Programs. 6. Primary Language Instruction for Limited English Proficient Students. A Rationale for Primary Language Instruction. Overall, What Does the Research Indicate? If Primary Language Instruction, Then How? Cooperative Learning. 7. Second Language Instruction. Early Viewpoints on Second Language Instruction. Modern Approaches to Second Language Instruction. Integrating Language and Content: Specially Designed Academic Instruction. Literacy and Biliteracy. 8. Culture and Schooling. Culture and Population. What Is Culture? Culture and Language. How Is Culture Manifested? Culture and Academic Success. 9. Legal Foundations of Dual Language Instruction. The Historical Context for Dual Language Instruction: World War II and Beyond. Who Governs Education? The Bilingual Education Act (Title VII). Lau v. Nichols (1974). No Child Left Behind. Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974. State Laws Regarding Bilingual Education. 10. The Politics of Bilingualism. Language Policy and Planning. Language Resistance in the United States. National Unity and Diversity. Bibliography. Appendix: Technological Resources. Index.